555 Timer as Monostable Multivibrator

A monostable multivibrator (MMV) often called a one-shot multivibrator, is a pulse generator circuit in which the duration of the pulse is determined by the R-C network,connected externally to the 555 timer. In such a vibrator, one state of output is stable while the other is quasi-stable (unstable). For auto-triggering of output from quasi-stable state to stable state energy is stored by an externally connected capaci­tor C to a reference level. The time taken in storage determines the pulse width. The transition of output from stable state to quasi-stable state is accom­plished by external triggering. The schematic of a 555 timer in monostable mode of operation is shown in figure.

Monostable Multivibrator Circuit Details 

       Pin 1 is grounded. Trigger input is applied to pin 2. In quiescent condition of output this input is kept at + V_CC. To obtain transition of output from stable state to quasi-stable state, a negative-going pulse of narrow width (a width smaller than expected pulse width of output waveform)  and  amplitude of greater than + 2/3 V_CC is applied to pin 2. Output is taken from pin 3. Pin 4 is usually connected to + V_CC to avoid accidental reset. Pin 5 is grounded through a 0.01 u F capacitor to avoid noise problem. Pin 6 (threshold) is shorted to pin 7. A resistor R_A is connected between pins 6 and 8. At pins 7 a discharge capacitor is connected while pin 8 is connected to supply V_CC.

555 IC Monostable Multivibrator Operation : 

For explain­ing the operation of timer 555 as a monostable multivibrator, necessary in­ternal circuitry with external connections are shown in figure.

The operation of the circuit is ex­plained below: 

   

     Initially, when the output at pin 3 is low i.e. the circuit is in a stable state, the transistor is on and capacitor- C is shorted to ground. When a negative pulse is applied to pin 2, the trigger input falls below +1/3 V_CC, the output of comparator goes high which resets the flip-flop and consequently the transistor turns off and the output at pin 3 goes high. This is the transition of the output from stable to quasi-stable state, as shown in figure. As the discharge transistor is cut­off, the capacitor C begins charging toward +V_CC through resistance R_A with a time constant equal to R_AC. When the increasing capacitor voltage becomes slightly greater than +2/3 V_CC, the output of comparator 1 goes high, which sets the flip-flop. The transistor goes to saturation, thereby discharging the capacitor C and the output of the timer goes low, as illustrated in figure.

 

Thus the output returns back to stable state from quasi-stable state.

      The output of the Monostable Multivibrator remains low until a trigger pulse is again applied. Then the cycle repeats. Trigger input, output voltage and capacitor voltage waveforms are shown in figure.

 

Monostable Multivibrator Design Using 555 timer IC

     The capacitor C has to charge through resistance R_A. The larger the time constant R_AC, the longer it takes for the capacitor voltage to reach +2/3V_CC.

      In other words, the RC time constant controls the width of the output pulse. The time during which the timer output remains high is given as

        t_p = 1.0986 R_AC
 

where R_A is in ohms and C is in farads. The above relation is derived as below. Voltage across the capacitor at any instant during charging period is given as

       v_c = V_CC (1- e^-t/R_AC)

Substituting v_c = 2/3 V_CC in above equation we get the time taken by the capacitor to charge from 0 to +2/3V_CC.

So, 

       +2/3V_CC. = V_CC. (1 – e^-t/RAC)   or   t – R_AC log_e 3 = 1.0986 R_AC

So, pulse width, 

          

        t_P = 1.0986 R_AC s 1.1 R_AC

      The pulse width of the circuit may range from micro-seconds to many seconds. This circuit is widely used in industry for many different timing applications.